Sahiwal is a city, district and division of Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is located on the historic Multan Road, also known as the Grand Trunk (GT) Road, serving as a major route connecting Lahore, Multan, and other key cities. Established in 1865 during British colonial rule, it was initially named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery, the then lieutenant governor of Punjab.1 It was designated as a municipality in 1867 and later renamed Sahiwal in 1967.
Sahiwal was originally called Gogera, named after a small village located on the left bank of the River Ravi. It became an officially administered region in 1849. With the arrival of the railway system, the district headquarters were moved in 1865 to the current location, which was then a modest settlement of the local “Sahi” tribespeople.2 The City of Sahiwal is the capital of both the district and the division. Sahiwal Division is an important administrative division in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It consists of three districts: Sahiwal, Okara, and Pakpattan.
Population of Sahiwal
As per the 2023 census, Sahiwal city has a population of 538,344, making it the 22nd largest city in Pakistan. The District, comprising the tehsils of Sahiwal and Chichawatni, has a total population of 2,881,811. The urban population accounts for 757,631 individuals, while the rural population stands at 2,124,180. The literacy rate is 64.77%, with male literacy at 71.06% and female literacy at 58.29%. 3 4
Tehsils of Sahiwal District
This district has been sub-divided into following two tehsils:
- Tehsil Sahiwal
- Tehsil Chichawatni
Language and Religion
Punjabi is the predominant language, spoken by 96.95% of the population, followed by Urdu at 2.28%. Islam is the major religion, practiced by 97.54% of the population, with Christianity being the second-largest at 2.41%. Here is the list of most spoken languages of this district;
| Language | Number of People who speak this language |
| Punjabi | 2,790,216 |
| Urdu | 65,700 |
| Pashto | 14,073 |
| Sindhi | 4,716 |
| Saraiki | 729 |
Industry and Infrastructure
While agriculture remains the backbone of Sahiwal’s economy, the district has witnessed significant industrial growth. Key industries include:
Cotton ginning and textile manufacturing
Food processing and dairy products
Pharmaceuticals and cooking oil production
Leather goods and garments
Electrical appliances manufacturing
Sahiwal Coal Power Project
The Sahiwal Coal Power Project is one of Pakistan’s most significant energy projects, located near Qadirabad village. Completed in a record time, the project was inaugurated in 2017 and is part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative. It consists of two 660-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power plants, with a total generation capacity of 1,320 MW.5
Constructed by Huaneng Shandong Ruyi (Pakistan) Energy Company, the project uses imported coal from Indonesia and South Africa to ensure high-quality combustion and minimal environmental impact. These power plants are equipped with advanced emission control technologies, including flue gas desulfurization systems, to meet international environmental standards.
The project has played a crucial role in addressing Pakistan’s severe energy shortage. It supplies a significant amount of electricity to the national grid, providing power to millions of homes and industries. Despite its many benefits, there have been environmental concerns related to coal usage, including carbon emissions and water consumption from the nearby Lower Bari Doab Canal. However, the project management has taken measures to minimize these impacts.
Harappa, A Historic Town
Sahiwal city has historical significance dating back to ancient times, with the nearby site of Harappa just 24 kilometers west – being one of the major urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilization. Harappa is one of the most significant archaeological sites in South Asia. It was a major urban center of the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived from around 2600 to 1900 BCE. The site was first identified in the 19th century, with major excavations beginning in the 1920s by Sir John Marshall and his team.
Harappa displayed remarkable urban planning for its time, with a grid layout of streets, baked brick houses, public wells, drainage systems, granaries, and craft workshops. This level of infrastructure shows that the Harappans were highly organized and possibly governed by a central authority or system of shared culture.
Excavations have uncovered thousands of artifacts, including pottery, tools, jewelry, seals, and figurines. The discovery of standardized weights and measures suggests a structured economy and active trade with regions such as Mesopotamia. Seals with pictographic inscriptions hint at an early form of writing, which remains undeciphered to this day.
The decline of Harappa and other Indus cities is still debated. Theories include climate change, shifting rivers, and possible invasions. Despite its fall, Harappa remains a vital source of information about early urban civilization in South Asia.
Today, the Harappa Museum and ongoing archaeological efforts aim to preserve and educate the public about this ancient heritage. 6 7 8 9
Sahiwal Gymkhana Club
The Gymkhana Club Sahiwal is located near Zafar Ali Stadium. It is a prominent social and recreational facility. It offers a variety of amenities, including tennis courts, cricket grounds, squash, swimming pool, banquet halls, and event spaces, serving as a hub for community gatherings and sports activities. The club is recognized for its extensive membership and diverse facilities, making it one of the significant clubs in the region.
Sahiwal Cows
The Sahiwal cow is one of the finest dairy cattle breeds originating from this District of Punjab, Pakistan. Known for its excellent milk production and adaptability, the this breed is highly valued both locally and internationally. These cows are medium to large in size, with a reddish-brown coat, loose skin, and a distinctive hump.
Sahiwal cows are famous for their high milk yield, producing an average of 2,500 to 3,000 liters of milk per lactation, with some exceptional cows producing even more. Their milk is rich in butterfat, making it ideal for dairy products like cheese and butter. In addition to their dairy qualities, these cattle are also hardy and resistant to tropical diseases and parasites, which makes them especially suited for hot climates.
The breed is calm, easy to manage, and known for its good reproductive performance. Due to these traits, these cows have been exported to countries like Australia, Kenya, and India, where they are used to improve local cattle breeds.
Sahiwal Railway Station
Sahiwal Railway Station, situated in the heart of city, is a key stop on Pakistan’s Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line. Originally constructed during the British colonial era, the station underwent significant redevelopment in 2016, with a budget of Rs221 million allocated for its modernization. The new building was inaugurated in 2018 by then-Railway Minister Khawaja Saad Rafique. Today, the station features modern facilities and serves as a vital transportation hub, connecting this city to major cities across Pakistan. It plays a crucial role in facilitating passenger and freight movement. 10
Healthcare Facilities
This city has wide range of public and private hospitals. Here is the list of some prominent hospitals:
- Sahiwal Teaching Hospital: Affiliated with Sahiwal Medical College, this is the largest public healthcare facility in the region. It offers specialized services in cardiology, neurosurgery, emergency care, and internal medicine, serving thousands of patients daily.11
- Govt. Haji Abdul Qayyum DHQ Hospital: A historic 180-bed government hospital established before partition, it provides general medical and surgical services to the local population.
- Christian Hospital: Founded in 1915, this 200-bed private hospital is known for maternity care, surgery, and its accredited nursing school. It is one of the oldest healthcare institutions in the city. 12
- Sahiwal International Hospital: A modern private facility offering advanced diagnostics, outpatient consultations, and specialized care in gynecology, urology, and internal medicine.
- Al-Khidmat Hospital: Run by a charitable organization, this hospital provides affordable medical services, including general medicine, surgery, and laboratory facilities.
- Mid-City Hospital: A mid-sized private hospital providing emergency services, outpatient consultations, and general medical care.
Basic Health Units in Sahiwal District:
Basic Health Units in Tehsil Sahiwal
Here is the list of basic health units (BHU)13 located in this tehsil:
| S. No | Name of BHU | Contact No |
| 1 | Chak Dadra Bala | 3116021917 |
| 2 | Chak Korey Shah Zahreen | 3008380063 |
| 3 | Chak Qutab Shahana | 3334906061 |
| 4 | Chak No 73/5-L | 3026666243 |
| 5 | Chak Mir Dad Maufi | 3217201030 |
| 6 | Chak No 71/5-L | 3443198744 |
| 7 | Chak No 64/4-R | 3226901133 |
| 8 | Chak No 91/6-R | 3336913010 |
| 9 | Chak No 92/6-R | 3486655218 |
| 10 | Chak No 99/6-R | 3239604980 |
| 11 | Chak Tibbi Jay Singh | 3248627794 |
| 12 | Chak No 65/5-L | 3056940004 |
| 13 | Chak No 73/4-R | 3006935477 |
| 14 | Chak No 78/5-L | 3170825553 |
| 15 | Chak No 81/5-R | 3006930284 |
| 16 | Chak No 87/6-R | 3054073457 |
| 17 | Chak No 89/6-R | 3200466480 |
| 18 | Chak No 50-GD | 3377094114 |
| 19 | Chak No 53/5-L | 3000420021 |
| 20 | Chak No 58-GD | 3000975157 |
| 21 | Chak No 59/5-L | 3356212216 |
| 22 | Chak No 61/4-R | 3036969065 |
| 23 | Chak No 62/4-R | 3064006851 |
| 24 | Chak No 128/9-L | 3316774851 |
| 25 | Chak No 129/9-L | 3454582130 |
| 26 | Chak No 132/9-L | 3126111825 |
| 27 | Chak No 145/9-L | 3126121122 |
| 28 | Chak No 150/9-L | 3334431160 |
| 29 | Chak No 153/9-L | 3227082202 |
| 30 | Chak No 1/10-L | 3024417077 |
| 31 | Chak No 100/9-L | 3350714799 |
| 32 | Chak No 104/7-R | 3038254630 |
| 33 | Chak No 114/9-L | 3018370707 |
| 34 | Chak No 119/9-L | 3017293619 |
| 35 | Chak Asad Ullah Pur | 3347670525 |
Basic Health Units in Chichawatni
Here is the list of Basic Health Units (BHU) situated in Tehsil Chichawatni:
| S. No | Name of BHU | Contact No |
| 1 | Chak No 100/12-L | |
| 2 | Chak No 42/12-L | |
| 3 | Chak No 104/12-L | |
| 4 | Chak No 107/7-R | |
| 5 | Chak No 11/14-L | 3326938271 |
| 6 | Chak No 110/7-R | |
| 7 | Chak No 111/12-L | 3356048060 |
| 8 | Chak No 112/7-R | 3347680963 |
| 9 | Chak No 115/12-L | 3326949946 |
| 10 | Chak No 117/7-DR | |
| 11 | Chak No 16/11-L | 3166628255 |
| 12 | Chak No 162/9-L | 3006919378 |
| 13 | Chak No 164-A/9-L | 3360770049 |
| 14 | Chak No 166/9-L | 3004080911 |
| 15 | Chak No 176/9-L | 3336926088 |
| 16 | Chak No 18-A/WM | 3025808944 |
| 17 | Chak No 18/11-L | 3016935035 |
| 18 | Chak No 182/9-L | 3486054446 |
| 19 | Chak No 20/11-L | 3336292738 |
| 20 | Chak No 20/14-L | 3321620902 |
| 21 | Chak No 28/14-L | 3432917743 |
| 22 | Chak No 30/11-L | 3347753873 |
| 23 | Chak No 32-35/14-L | 3349887337 |
| 24 | Chak No 33/12-L | 3414775717 |
| 25 | Chak No 36/12-L | 3004304616 |
| 26 | Chak No 39/14-L | |
| 27 | Chak No 5/11-L | 3345757363 |
| 28 | Chak No 53/12-L | 3030139749 |
| 29 | Chak No 66/12-L | 3457386846 |
| 30 | Chak No 77/12-L | 3477284070 |
| 31 | Chak No 16/14-L | 3336244534 |
Education
This city is home to several reputable higher education institutions that cater to a wide range of academic and professional disciplines. Below is an overview of some of the most prominent institutions in the district:
1. University of Sahiwal (UoS)
Established as an independent institution in 2015, this University originated as a sub-campus of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Situated on a 57-acre campus in Farid Town, the university comprises eight departments and serves approximately 1,700 students. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields such as Computer Science, Business Administration, Economics, Law, Psychology, Chemistry, and Mathematics. The university is recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.14
2. COMSATS University Islamabad – Sahiwal Campus
Inaugurated in September 2006, the this campus of COMSATS University Islamabad is strategically located between Lahore and Multan. This campus spans 36 acres and offers a variety of undergraduate and graduate programs, particularly in engineering and information technology disciplines. The campus is equipped with modern facilities to support research and academic activities.15
3. Government College of Technology (GCT)
GCT is a leading institution providing technical and vocational education in the region. Located on Old Harappa Road, the college offers Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE) programs in various technologies, including Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, and Electronics. The college is known for its dedicated faculty and commitment to producing skilled professionals to meet industry demands.
4. Sahiwal Medical College
This College is a public sector medical institution which was established in 2010, with aim to provide quality medical education and healthcare services to the region. The college is affiliated with the University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, and recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC). Offering the MBBS program, this Medical College has modern facilities, including laboratories, a library, and affiliated teaching hospitals for clinical training. It plays a vital role in producing skilled doctors and improving healthcare in southern Punjab. The college continues to grow as a respected center for medical education.16
5. Barani Institute of Sciences
Barani Institute of Sciences, is a private higher education institution offering quality academic programs in various fields, including Business Administration, Computer Science, and Agriculture. It operates under the umbrella of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. The institute is committed to providing modern education with a focus on research, innovation, and practical skills. Equipped with experienced faculty, computer labs, and a supportive learning environment, Barani Institute prepares students for professional success.17
6. Government Post Graduate College
Government Post Graduate College Sahiwal is one of the oldest and most prestigious educational institutions in the district. Established in 1942, the college offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in arts, science, and commerce. Affiliated with the University of the Punjab, it is known for its strong academic tradition, qualified faculty, and active student societies. The college has produced many notable alumni who have excelled in various fields. With a beautiful campus and excellent facilities, it continues to play a vital role in promoting higher education in the region.18
Jails and Correctional Facilities
Central Jail Sahiwal, established in 1873, is one of the oldest and largest prisons in Asia by area. It has a capacity for 1,565 inmates and is known for its prison industries, including jute manufacturing, blanket weaving, and carpet knitting, which provide vocational training to prisoners. The jail also features the Faiz Ahmed Faiz Ward19, commemorating the renowned poet’s imprisonment there.
High Security Prison Sahiwal, is operational since 2015. Built on 98 acres at a cost of approximately Rs. 930 million, it accommodates up to 1,044 inmates, primarily high-profile prisoners convicted of terrorism and sabotage. The facility boasts modern security features, including an automatic locking system and a design comprising 70% individual cells and 30% barracks.
Zafar Ali Stadium
Zafar Ali Stadium is was established in 1955, it is a multi-purpose sports venue with a seating capacity of 10,000 spectators. Formerly known as Sahiwal Stadium, it was renamed in honor of Sheikh Zafar Ali Khan20, the founder of Pakistan Olympic Association. It hosted First-Class and List A cricket matches between 1955 and 1995.
Parks and Recreational Facilities
The city has several parks that provide residents with recreational spaces and natural beauty. Kanaan Park, situated near the Yadgar monument and adjacent to the canal, is among the city’s most popular spots. It features a well-maintained zoo housing various animals and birds, making it an ideal destination for families seeking a peaceful picnic spot. Other notable parks include Faridia Park, Tanki Wala Park, and Public Park, each offering green spaces for relaxation and community gatherings.
Irrigation and Agriculture
The district relies heavily on a sophisticated canal irrigation system, particularly the Bari Doab Canal system, to support its diverse agricultural production. The district’s fertile land and the irrigation network allow for the cultivation of a wide range of crops, including wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and other legumes and oilseeds.
The primary canal that passes through the district is the Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC). This canal originates from the Balloki Barrage on the Ravi River. It extends approximately 201 kilometers and irrigates vast agricultural areas, including the districts of Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, and Khanewal.
The canal was constructed between 1906 and 1913 and became operational in 1922. It serves a gross area of 740,358 hectares (1,830,245 acres) and irrigates a cultivable command area of 1,669,609 acres in Punjab, Pakistan. 21 22
Sources:
- Britannica Encyclopedia ↩︎
- Sahiwal History- Punjab.gov.pk ↩︎
- Literacy rate of district – Pakistan Bureau of statistics ↩︎
- Population of district – Pakistan bureau of statistics ↩︎
- CPEC-Sahiwal coal power plant ↩︎
- Indus Valley Civilization- Britannica Encyclopedia ↩︎
- History of Harappa- Harappa.com ↩︎
- Archaeologist of the Month: John Marshall ↩︎
- Harappa history & facts – Punjab.gov.pk ↩︎
- Reconstruction of Sahiwal Railway station – Dawn.com ↩︎
- Sahiwal Teaching Hospital ↩︎
- Christian hospital ↩︎
- Punjab Health Department – BHU list ↩︎
- UOS Website ↩︎
- Comsat University Swl campus ↩︎
- Medical College wbsite ↩︎
- Barani Institute website ↩︎
- Govt post graduate college Sahiwal ↩︎
- Faiz Ahmed Faiz Ward – Dawn.com ↩︎
- Zafar Aki Stadium – Important places of Sahiwal ↩︎
- Asian Development Bank – LBDC project ↩︎
- Researchgate – LBDC irrigation system ↩︎